History of Hapkido

 

 

 

There are two major personalities who have made Hapkido what it is today, Grand Master Choi, Yong Sul and Grand Master Ji, Han Jae. Due to the various and particularly contradicting stories it can be determinated that Choi, Yong Sul is the founder of Hapkido and the teacher of Ji, Han Jae. However, the fact is that both were instrumental in bringing this development about and Ji, Han Jae went on to found SongMuKwan Hapkido but later changed the name of his art to SinMuHapkido.

 

 

Grandmaster Choi, Yong-Sul

 

 

 

 

In 1904 Grandmaster Choi, Yong Sul was born in the Korean province Chung Buk. There he lived in a village named Yong Dong. During this time the Japanese occupied Korea. At the age of eight Grandmaster Choi met a Japanese candy merchant named Morimoto. Mr. Morimoto had no son and when he returned to Japan he kidnapped GM Choi, taking him away as his adoptive son. But GM Choi resisted vehemently against this adoption and turned out to be so difficult that Morimoto left him to his fate only a short time after their arrival in the village of Moji, Japan where he lived on the streets as a beggar. GM Choi went alone to Osaka and earned his living by begging. After being picked up by the police, he came to into a Buddhist temple to a monk named Kin taro

 

Wadanabi. There he lived for 2 years. Life in Japan was not easy for GM Choi. He spoke poor Japanese and therefore he had big problems at school. Furthermore he was a foreigner and therefore was often beaten by other children. So Kintaro Wadanabi decided to send GM Choi to his friend Sokaku Takeda (1859-1943). Sokaku Takeda was the

 

head of Daito-Ryu Aikijujutsu. Daito-Ryu Aikijujutsu (Dai = big, to = sword, Ryu = school, Aiki = combined senses, Jujutsu = soft material art) is one style of the old Japanese Ju-jutsu, which first of all uses hand, elbow and shoulder joint locks to defend against various armed and unarmed attacks. Many movements can be compared to motions of the Japanese art of fencing with the long sword. Daito Ryu Aiki-Jujutsu was founded in the 11th century by Minamoto, Yoshimitsu. Tradition of the time dictated that in the beginning only the highest-ranking samurai of the Takeda family were taught this art. Over centuries Aikijujutsu was passed on only within certain samurai clans. After the end of the feudalism in the Meiji era Saigo,

 

 

 

Tanomo (1829-1905) passed this system of fighting on to Sokaku Takeda. Takeda broke the rules and, for the first time, coached outsiders. For about 30 years GM Choi lived in Sokaku Takedas household. However, there are different variations of which social status he had. In an interview GM Choi himself declared that he had been adopted by Sokaku Takeda. According to other sources, he began as a “house boy” and later became Sokaku Takeka’s personal servant. Last but not least, some say that he just attended some seminars at Sokaku Takeda. During his stay in the house of Sokaku Takedas GM Choi called himself Yoshida Asao (GM Choi, statement in an interview) or Yoshida Tatujutu (statement of Master Suh, Bok-Sup in an interview). According to his own statements GM Choi was the only one to learn all 3808 Daito-Ryu Aikijujutsu techniques. Another famous student of Sokaku Takeda was Morihei Ueshiba (1883-1969), the founder of Aikido. As it seems to be clear that Japan was going to loose World War II, Sokaku Takeka committed suicide by starving himself to death. Before he died he ordered GM Choi to return to Korea. On his way back to Korea GM Choi´s whole luggage was stolen at the Younson Train Station: including all his money and the certificates he had obtained from Sokaku Takeda. GM Choi settled in the Korean village of Taegu, situated in the Kyung Buk province, and changed his name back to Choi, Yong Sul. Here, he and his family survived by selling rice cookies for several years.
However, February 21st 1948 changed the tide of history. After a few years GM Choi had saved a small amount of money and had bought some pigs. To fatten them he needed grain, which he earned in a Korean brewery producing Korean wine. In this brewery the employees were paid with grain for helping to pump water from a subterranean source. That day, February 21st some people tried to take up Choi’s position in front of the grain counter. GM Choi not only defended himself successfully against the attackers,

 

 

 

but he did it with the greatest of ease. Suh, Bok Sup, manager and son of the brewery’s owner watched the fight from his office. He was impressed by the techniques with which GM Choi could defend himself. Suh, Bok-Sup held a first Dan in judo, and, therefore, recognized that GM Choi was a master in a very effective material art. He called GM Choi in his office and asked him to teach him. GM Choi agreed, and Suh, Bok-Sup paid for his training lessons with money and grain. The fact, that GM Choi’s first student held the first Dan in judo had an effect on the development of Hapkido. All Defense techniques against holds at the wrist, sleeve, collar and against judo throws go back to these roots. Of course, in the beginning Suh, Bok-Sup was

 

mainly interested in how to defend himself against judo attacks. GM Choi named the material art, he had learned, Yawara. GM Choi changed the name of his material art several times. Among others he called it: Yu Sul (Soft Art), Yu Kwon Sul (Soft Hand Art), Hapki Yu Kwon Sul (In Unit with Ki Soft Hand Art) A few years later GM Choi became a bodyguard and head of the security department of Suh, father to Bok-Sup, and also a congressman. On February, 12th 1951 GM Choi and Suh, Bok-Sup together opened up a Dojang named Korean Yu Kwan Sool Hap Ki Dojang. In 1958 GM Choi, Suh and Bok-Sup decided to change the name of the material art taught by them into HapKiDo. (Statement of Master Suh, Bok-Sup in an interview) There are different statements on who used the name HapKiDo first. Another variation is, that Ji, Han-Jae created the name and then passed it to GM Choi, in order to honor him. But this is doubtful that GM Ji would try to honor his former teacher since he had founded his own martial arts SongMuKwan after having only 6 years of martial arts training. Sometime 1958 after GM Choi opened up his own Dojang. In Suh, Bok-Sups Dojang also taught Kim, Moo-Hyun, who, accord-

 

ing to Suh, Bok-Sup, created the HapKiDo kicks. Kim, Moo-Hyun had learned these kicks in various Korean temples. Kim, Moo-Hyun had a very close contact to GM Ji, Han-Jae and stayed some times in GM Ji, Han-Jae‘s Dojang in Seoul. It is very likely, that during this time a number of HapKiDo kicks were developed. Sometimes Suh, Bok-Sup went to Seoul and taught there at the university. In 1963 GM Choi became chairman of the newly founded Korean Kido Association. This organization many years later closed due to corruption and the lack of promotion standards enforcement allowing non-hapkido students like Joe Parrish and Roger Haines to purchase 8th and 9th dans when they did not meet any of the official standards for such rank. Their promotion was a huge public embarrassment that caused outrage amoung the organizations members and eventually lead to the closing of the organization. In 1982 GM Choi traveled into the USA, trying to unify HapKiDo. He appointed Chang, Chin-Il his successor and hoped, that he would be able to unite the

 

 

 

HapKiDo masters living in the USA. But GM Choi's wish was not fulfilled because Chang was in poor health and lacked the leadership skills to unite Hapkido masters. He still claims to be Choi's successor and teaches classes at a dance study in New York, USA. His continued claim as the successor is considered unrealistic by Hapkido masters in Korea. GM Choi died 1986 at the age of 82 and was buried in Taegu.

 

 

Grandmaster Ji, Han Jae

 

 

 

 

In 1936 Grandmaster Ji, Han-Jae was born in Andong, Korea. In 1949, at the age of 13, GM Ji began his training in the Korean Yu Kwan Sool Hap Ki Dojang under GM Choi. GM Ji was one of GM Choi’s youngest students beginning at the age of 13. Classes with GM Choi were expensive and many wondered how a poor boy from Andong could afford such lessons and specultated that it was because of his connection to street gangs and crime. GM Ji later had a fight with a famous Korean gangster that made him famous for Hapkido. GM Ji studied with GM Choi until 1956. Afterwards he alleged to have studied with a master named “Taoist Lee”, where he claimed to have learned the Tae Kyon kicks, Jang-Bong (long stick), Dan-Bong (short stick) and techniques of meditation. With  a nun, (that he knew only as “Grandmother”), he learned spiritual techniques. However, it is considered odd that the only temple in his home town was a zen center which offered no martial arts training and that in two years of alleged training with the mysterious Taoist Lee and Grandma he never learned their names. Also, Korean masters know that he learned those kicks from Kim, Moo-Hyun. It is a well established fact, so normally he only tells this story of "Taoist Lee" and "Grandma" to foreigners. In 1958 GM Ji left Taegu and returned to Andong, where he opened up his own Dojang, named SongMooKwan. At that time he held the 3. Dan in Yu Kwan Sool. Only nine moths later he moved to

 

Seoul. Here, two very famous Grand Masters, who later emigrated into the USA, began their HapKiDo career. GM Han, Bong-Soo (founder of the International Hapkido Federation) and GM Myung, Kwang-Sik (founder of the World Hapkido Federation). Later he awarded them both the 9. Dan. Han, Bong-Soo 1984 and Myung, Kwang-Sik 1986. In Seoul GM Ji began to develop his own style by combining the techniques learned at GM Choi with the Tae Kyon kicks, the weapon techniques, and the spiritual techniques. He called this new material art HapKiDo. At that time there was a boxing school close to his Dojang. Until then only defense techniques against punches were used, based on the assumption that the arms remains stretched after the punch. In those days this was the technique taught by some martial arts. Boxing means the arm retracts immediately after the punch. Therefore, GM Ji developed some defense techniques against these ”snapping” punches. Many HapKiDo techniques were product of the Korean circumstances, no matter if they were developed by GM Choi, GM Ji or other HapKiDo masters. Defense techniques against knives were of elementary importance as the underworld criminals were almost exclusively equipped with knives. Defense techniques against kicks were developed to defend oneself against Tang Soo Do, Kong Soo Do, Kwon Bup and and Taekwondo. The Dan Bong (short stick) techniques against sword attacks were developed, because Kendo is widespread in Korea. In 1961 the Korean government was overthrown by General Park, Chung-Hee who shortly after became president of Korea. In 1962 GM Ji opened up a Dojang in the Hwa Shin department store. Because General Park, Chung-Hee came to power by force he did not trust police and military personel completely. So he hired street thugs and gangsters to be his bodyguards because he knew that their loyalty could be bought. At that time GM Ji became trainer of the military crack troops and of the president’s security service. In addition, he became the president’s bodyguard. This appointment would be a fatal choice for President Park, Chung-Hee. In the early sixties the import relations concerning Japanese goods loosened and a book about Aikido fell into GM Ji‘s hands. He noticed that the sign for Aikido was exactly the same as for HapKiDo and decided to change the name from HapKiDo to Kido.  In 1963 GM Ji became member of the Korean Kido Association, but he left in 1965 after some differences of opinion and founded the Korea Hapkido Association. Within an information and exchange program between the Korean government and the Pentagon GM Ji arrived in USA in 1969. There, GM Ji coached some of president Nixon’s bodyguards, FBI agents, and various special task forces.

 

During this stay he met Bruce Lee. GM Ji claims that Bruce Lee was very impressed by GM Ji and asked him to coach him. But this was not the case. Between 1972 and 1974 GM Ji shot many films in Hong Kong. “Game of Death” with GM Ji as adversary of Bruce Lee. “Hapkido”, with Sammo Hung (known for his films with Jackie Chang) and Angela Mao Ying. Later this film was renamed as “Lady Kung Fu”. “The Dragon Tamers” , with Jackie Chan as action director. During his stay in Hong Kong GM Ji again claimed that he coached Bruce Lee. Together with Kim, Moo-Hong and Myong, Jae-Nam, GM Ji founded the Republic of Korea Hapkido Association in 1973. But in a book about the filming of "Game of Death" Bruce Lee stated that Ji was slow and had difficulty performing the movements. It took nearly all day to film what ended up only being a few seconds of useful film for the movie. Some say that it was GM Ji's heavy whisky drinking that was the problem. His martial arts skill was well known. The Republic of Korea Hapkido Associaton name was changed into the new

 

 

 

Korea Hapkido Association later. Until 1979 GM Ji was chairman of this organization. Then a horrible death would befall the Korean President Park, Chung-Hee because of GM Ji and he was imprissoned and the Korea Hapkido Association was shut down by the government. Through some negotiations the Hapkido organization was able to re-open under a new name and GM Ji would be replaced. As his successor followed his student Oh, Se-Lim, who began his HapKiDo studies at GM Ji 1958 in Andong. In 1980 the Korea Hapkido Association was renamed as Korea Hapkido Federation. In 1979 the Korean president Park, Chung-Hee fell a victim to assassination. The assassin Kim, Chae-Kyu, was the head of the Korean CIA. GM Ji was imprisoned for about one year. The assassin had been a close student of GM Ji, and GM Ji had supported him in becoming the head of the Korean CIA. Therefore, he was accused of having been involved in the planning of the assassination attempt. In jail he developed his new system, which he called Sin Moo Hapkido. Sin Moo Hapkido aims even more at the spiritual side of the martial arts. Just as many find religion while in prison Ji searched for spiritual understanding. Around 1981 GM Ji made a trip to Hong Kong and prepared his immigration into the USA. In Hong Kong he played minor roles in the film “Tower of Death” and in some other films. In 1984 GM Ji traveled via Germany, where he met his two students Kim, Sou-Bong and Song, Il-Hack, into the USA. There he opened up a Sin Moo Hapkido school in Daly near San Francisco. 

Many masters of HapKiDo emigrated from Korea to make HapKiDo known throughout the world. Many settled in the USA. Most of the GM in HapKiDo are claimed as former students of GM Ji, because he was the organization's President when they received their master ranking. However, today many of them regard GM Choi as their teacher. There are different statements of why these students turned away from GM Ji. In an interview GM Ji had the following explanation: he had been successful when he had been far too young. Many of his students had been younger than him. After having also studied at CM Choi, they passed the much older and therefore more respected GM Choi as their teacher. Another Korean statement says, that many Korean masters consider GM Ji as jointly responsible for the assassination of president Park, and therefore still hate him. Furthermore many people regard it as a degradation of HapKiDo, that GM Ji was defeated so fast as a master of HapKiDo in the film “Game of Death” with Bruce Lee. Because GM Ji had become well known for selling underserving rank to supplement his income many poorly skilled Hapkido students gained master rankings from GM Ji or claim him as one of their teachers. One such person is Harold Whalen of the USA who claims to have performed over 200 wrist escapes to earn a 7th dan from one of Ji's former students. However, it is common knowledge that an escape from a wrist grab in a technique taught to a student their first day of class. Performing 200 white belt techniques would never qualify anyone for a black belt ranking. Harold Whalen's claims are a continual source of amuzement and laughter to serious Hapkido students. Some of the funniest film clips ever taken of Hapkido are the falling techniques performed by Whalen on a set of instructional videos released by a respect Korean Grand Master. While the Grand Master performed the techniques flawlessly, Whalen tumbled and flopped around like a drunk attempting to perform acrobatics. Again and again there are discussion on who introduced which techniques in HapKiDo. Some say, that - in the true sense - GM Choi coached pure Daito-Ryu Aikijujutsu until his death. On the other hand, some argue that he united a number of Korean material arts. It is said that he showed a keen interest in Kumdo and Kendo, what would suggest that he contributed to the sword techniques. GM Ji claims the integration of the cane techniques, the long and short stick techniques, and a large part of the kicks into HapKiDo. Some Hapkido masters developed own styles and united traditional HapKiDo techniques with other martial arts and/or techniques of meditation, sciences of dance and health. Some styles tend more to strong techniques like fixed blocks and short techniques. Other became eve more soft and expansive within their movements, and approximate to Aikido. The environment of the school and the master always played an important role. As they usually lived off their students, they had to adapt to the material arts common in the regions, and offer techniques against them.

In December of 2002 the Korea Hapkido Federation run by Oh, Se Lim changed it's name to the DaeHan Hapkido World Federation and became a private for profit organization under the direction of Bae, Song Book who was later expelled from the organization for corruption. Park, Kum Shil became the recognized President of the newly formed Korea Hapkido Federation. Two Hapkido Kwans formerly with Oh, Se Lim's now defunct organization became officially chartered by Park, Kum Shil's Korea Hapkido Federation to help globalize traditional Hapkido. Those two kwans also registered with the Republic of Korea Yudo Association run by Lee, Hwe Yul to assist in the globalization of the art of Yudo. Those two kwans are ChungTongKwan Hapkido and HaeMuKan Hapkido. The ChungTongKwan founder, Irish native Joseph Connolly, has dedicated his current organization to the establishment of a Korean Martial Arts College curriculum to be instituted in universities worldwide. While HaeMuKwan Hapkido's founder, Richard Hackworth, is working internationally at the dojang level to establish public programs for Hapkido study and raising the international standard of Hapkido practice to that of the world headquarters in Korea.